Figure 1 — Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation attenuates early traumatic brain injury through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway mediated by orexin-A/OX1R system

Research Paper|Volume 16, Issue 9|pp. 7946–7960

Trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation attenuates early traumatic brain injury through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway mediated by orexin-A/OX1R system

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Figure 1.Experimental flow and a model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). (A) The schematic diagram depicted the intervention procedures and subsequent behavioral tests. (B) The construction of the TBI model was conducted in rats. Abbreviations: ICV: intracerebroventricular injection; TNS: trigeminal nerve electrical stimulation; LORR: loss of righting reflex; mNSS: modified neurological severity scale.