Figure 3.Changes in the expressions of TGF-β1 and its potential effectors, miR-378a-3p and CTGF upon OM exposure. TGF-β1 induced an early up-regulation of CTGF, followed by mid-term miR-378a-3p stimulation, while OM suppressed all effectors tested since the early phase of calcification. From early, mid-term to mature VC, OM-induced TGF-β1 (A, mRNAs; B, western blots), miR-378a-3p (early, C; mid-term, D; mature, E), and CTGF (early, F; mid-term, G; mature, H) expressional changes are shown. ctrl, control; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; OM, osteogenic media; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.
