Figure 8 — Stimulation of MMP-9 of oral epithelial cells by areca nut extract is related to TGF-β/Smad2-dependent and –independent pathways and prevented by betel leaf extract, hydroxychavicol and melatonin

Research Paper|Volume 11, Issue 23|pp. 11624–11639

Stimulation of MMP-9 of oral epithelial cells by areca nut extract is related to TGF-β/Smad2-dependent and –independent pathways and prevented by betel leaf extract, hydroxychavicol and melatonin

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Figure 8.Proposed signaling mechanisms of ANE-induced MMP-9 expression/ secretion of oral mucosal cells, contribution to oral carcinogenesis and its prevention by PBL, HC and melatonin.